| A | ACS | Myocardial infarction, also consider cardiomyopathies, myocarditis |
| T | Thyroid | Hypothyroidism |
| R | Rhythms | Second degree AV block (type I & II), complete AV block |
| O | Overdose | Digoxin, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, amiodarone, clonidine, organophosphates, naturally occurring cardiac glycosides (e.g. foxglove), opioids |
| P | Pressure | Increased intracranial pressure (Cushing’s response) |
| I | Infection | Lyme disease, diphtheria, typhoid fever, aortic root abscess |
| N | Nippy | Hypothermia |
| E | Electrolytes | Glucose, potassium, calcium, and magnesium |
Other Considerations:
- Hypoxia
- Infiltrative Disorders (Amyloidosis, Sarcoidosis, Hemochromatosis)
- Autoimmune disorders (SLE)
References:
- Judith E. Tintinall, et al. (2020). Tintinalli’s Emergency Medicine : A Comprehensive Study Guide (Ninth Edition). New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Briggs, Blake & Husain, Iltifat. (2024, Jan 16) Bradycardia: “But my Apple Watch…?” (208). Emergency Medicine Board Bombs.
