By Kane McKenzie, DO
Vasopressors Part VII: Milrinone
Myasthenia Gravis vs Lambert Eaton Syndrome
Renee Spencer, MS-4
Vasopressors Part VI: Dobutamine
Abdominal Aortic Ultrasound Review By Dr. Ciervo
What are we looking for?
- Aortic Abdominal Aneurysm (AAA)
- Aortic Dissection can potentially be seen, but identifying a dissection is not the clinical question when performing an US scan of the aorta
Which probe do we use?
- Curvilinear Probe
How do we find the aorta and identify its vessels?
- Look for the vertebral body as a landmark! The aorta lies above it in the short axis.
- “Seagull Sign” – the hepatic and splenic arteries can be seen in the short axis of the proximal aorta in the epigastric region.
- Long axis aorta (sagittal plane) – the Superior Mesenteric Artery (SMA) can be seen rising from the aorta in long axis.
- “Mantel Clock Sign” – short axis proximal aorta with SMA and splenic vein overlying it superiorly.
- Iliac Bifurcation- Trace the lower aorta through its bifurcation into the iliac arteries
What is normal vs. abnormal?
- Measure the aorta along it’s course through the abdomen in short axis. > 3 cm from outer edge to outer edge is considered abnormal and concerning for AAA.
- Look for dissection flaps and intramural thrombus!
References:
https://coreem.net/core/abdominal-aortic-ultrasound/ https://www.acep.org/sonoguide/basic/aorta https://radiologykey.com/abdominal-aorta-5/
Advanced Cases: Stroke in the Sickle Cell Patient
By: Dr. Sean Coulson
HPI: Pt is a 38 y/o male with hx of sickle cell (SS) who presents for generalized headache, facial droop and difficulty speaking. Last known normal was 19 hours PTA. No anticoagulation.
Objective: HR 91, BP 155/91, RR 20, Temp 98F, Accu Check 129 NIH 2 – mild left lower facial droop and mild dysarthria. No other neurologic deficits. Stroke alert is called and CT CTA do not show any acute hemorrhagic infarct or large vessel occlusion. Labs and EKG are sent and the only pertinent result includes a Hb of 6.1 (prior baseline 9).
DDX: acute hemorrhagic / ischemic stroke, seizure, dural venous sinus thrombosis, myasthenia gravis, botulism, complex migraine etc.
Management: Given that this patient was outside of the 4.5 hour window and there was a low suspicion for thromboembolic etiology, TNK was held. In discussion with neurology and hemonc, a shiley dialysis catheter was placed and exchange transfusion was initiated.
Exchange transfusion: Goal is to reduce HbS to < 30% preventing further sickling. In hemorrhagic stroke (primary or secondary to an ischemic stroke), exchange transfusion is still indicated however the goal is to prevent secondary vasospasm and recurrent strokes – data is less clear in terms of overall benefit. If exchange transfusion is not possible, simple regular transfusions are indicated immediately and can act as a bridge until exchange transfusion is established. Hb goal determined in discussion w/ Hematology.
Pearls:
~ Sickle cell is a common cause of acute stroke in children and young adults.
~ SS causes increased risk for cerebral aneurysms and other arterial abnormalities (high risk for carotid dissection, subarachnoid, dural venous thrombosis etc)
~ It is still important in acute strokes to apply general sickle cell crisis management (O2, fluids, pain control, transfusion)
~ Exchange transfusions lower risk of recurrent stroke
~ SS is not an absolute contraindication to TPA
*** Thrombolytics can be given in sickle cell patients if there is a high pretest probability for thromboembolic etiologies of the acute stroke (CAD, PVD, Afib etc) and the patient meets typical inclusion/exclusion criteria. However the benefit of thrombolytics in stroke secondary to sickled RBCs is questionable – data is limited.
~ If exchange transfusion is not possible, discussion w/ hematology and neurology about Hb parameters is paramount.
References
Hulbert ML, Scothorn DJ, Panepinto JA, et al. Exchange blood transfusion compared with simple transfusion for first overt stroke is associated with a lower risk of subsequent stroke: a retrospective cohort study of 137 children with sickle cell anemia. J Pediatr. 2006;149(5):710-712. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.06.037
Alakbarzade V, Maduakor C, Khan U, Khandanpour N, Rhodes E, Pereira AC. Cerebrovascular disease in sickle cell disease. Pract Neurol. 2023;23(2):131-138. doi:10.1136/pn-2022-003440
Tintinalli J. TINTINALLI’S EMERGENCY MEDICINE : A Comprehensive Study Guide. Mcgraw-Hill Education; 2019:1136.
EM:RAP CorePendium. EM:RAP CorePendium. Published 2024. Accessed August 10, 2024. https://www.emrap.org/corependium/chapter/recZWicqx0K20uwsz/Sickle-Cell-Disease#h.1h9pp1rguxde
Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome
Vasopressors Part V: Dopamine
What is the Diagnosis?
Case: An 80 year old female with a history of COPD presents to the hospital after a fall from standing onto her right side with respiratory distress. She repeatedly states feeling pressure to her face and “my face feels tight”. She appears to be in respiratory distress and is intubated for airway protection. Exam is notable for mild decreased breath sounds BL and for crepitus across her chest, bilateral arms, face, and back. You get a chest X-ray followed which is shown below.
What is the diagnosis? What is the name of the radiologic finding on CXR?
Diagnosis:
- The CT and CXR demonstrate bilateral pneumothoraxes with resulting extensive subcutaneous emphysema. In this case bilateral surgical chest tubes were placed with progressive resolution of pneumothoraxes and subcutaneous emphysema.
- Ginko leaf sign of the chest. Subcutaneous air tracks along the muscle fibers resulting in a branching pattern that resembles a ginkgo leaf and its branching veins.
Resources:
Fahrenhorst-Jones, Travis. “Ginkgo Leaf Sign (Subcutaneous Emphysema): Radiology Reference Article.” Radiopaedia, Radiopaedia.org, 17 May 2022, radiopaedia.org/articles/ginkgo-leaf-sign-subcutaneous-emphysema?lang=us.
Kukuruza, Kelsey, and Ayham Aboeed. “Subcutaneous Emphysema .” StatPearls, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542192/.
Advanced Cases: Metacarpal Fractures
Sean Coulson D.O.
HPI: Pt is a 24 y/o male who presents for fall, complaining of right lateral anterior palm pain. No medical hx, TDap up to date, no anticoagulation.
Physical Exam: Tender to palpation over the medial right palm on the anterior aspect. Radial pulse 2+, Cap refill intact, Strength and sensation intact, no abrasions / lacerations / skin changes. When the patient closes the right hand and makes a fist, the right 2nd finger angulates and bends overtop the 3rd phalanx (as seen below).
Pertinent Information About 2nd-5th Metacarpal Fractures:
Is it an open vs closed? Does it involve the intra articular space? Cascade of finger placement, malrotation / scissoring (see photo below)?
What are acceptable degrees of angulation based on the digit?
1st metacarpal: < 10 degrees
2nd: <20 degrees
3rd: < 30 degrees
4th: < 40 degrees
If less than the stated degree, may consider reduction, splint and discharge with orthopedic follow up if no other concerning features are present.
Other Indications for operative management and in ED orthopedic consult
Angulation greater than what’s stated above
Shortening > 5mm
Intraarticular or open fracture
Abnormal finger cascade regardless of degree of angulation
Multiple metacarpal fx
Management
+/- Ortho evaluations w/ operative fixation as described above
4th / 5th MCP fx: ulnar gutter splint
2nd / 3rd MCP fx: radial gutter splint
References:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551532
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7355092
https://www.journal-cot.com/article/S0976-5662(20)30230-7/fulltext